{
  "id": "INT-32",
  "category": "Intelligence commercial activities",
  "capability": "Create and operate commercial arrangements to protect authorized foreign intelligence collection",
  "summary": "Use ordinary commercial transactions, leases/employment contracts, financial accounts, permits and legal entities only as security for authorized DoD intelligence collection abroad.",
  "legal_basis": [
    {
      "citation": "10 U.S.C. § 431",
      "url": "https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section431&num=0&edition=prelim",
      "kind": "statute",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "citation": "10 U.S.C. § 432",
      "url": "https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section432&num=0&edition=prelim",
      "kind": "statute",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "citation": "10 U.S.C. § 433",
      "url": "https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section433&num=0&edition=prelim",
      "kind": "statute",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "citation": "10 U.S.C. § 435",
      "url": "https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section435&num=0&edition=prelim",
      "kind": "statute",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "citation": "10 U.S.C. § 436",
      "url": "https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section436&num=0&edition=prelim",
      "kind": "statute",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "citation": "10 U.S.C. § 437",
      "url": "https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section437&num=0&edition=prelim",
      "kind": "statute",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "citation": "10 U.S.C. § 430e",
      "url": "https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section430e&num=0&edition=prelim",
      "kind": "statute",
      "note": ""
    }
  ],
  "authority_holder": "Secretary of Defense; prescribed delegations and SecDef/Deputy approval for sensitive activities.",
  "actor_chain": {
    "planner": [
      "USD(I&S) PREM and Warfighter Support: requirements/resource coordination",
      "Relevant Defense intelligence element mission sponsor"
    ],
    "resource_owner": [
      "Appropriate NIP/MIP program/resource owner and agency comptroller"
    ],
    "approver": [
      "Secretary/Deputy Secretary for sensitive activities",
      "Other authorized officials within §433/436 delegation limits"
    ],
    "executor": [
      "Only Defense elements authorized by implementing regulations; public transaction-level delegations not verified"
    ],
    "partners": [
      "DNI for NIP matters",
      "Relevant CCMD J2 and Service intelligence staff",
      "FBI/CIA or State only where required by the activity"
    ]
  },
  "actor_sources": [
    {
      "title": "OUSD(I&S) organization: PREM, SASP, CL&S, Warfighter Support",
      "url": "https://ousdi.defense.gov/About-Us/Organization/"
    },
    {
      "title": "DIA Finance and Acquisition career field: programming, budgeting, allocating, contracting",
      "url": "https://www.dia.mil/Careers/Career-Fields/Finance-Acquisition/"
    }
  ],
  "requirements": [
    "Underlying collection separately authorized; appropriate legal review.",
    "Pre-coordinate with CIA; domestic aspects coordinated with FBI.",
    "Specified written waiver only where ordinary administrative compliance risks compromise; annual audit and congressional oversight."
  ],
  "limits": [
    "Domestic acts only to support foreign intelligence; cannot use cover businesses to supply DoD domestically except needed for security of covered activity.",
    "Not authority for otherwise unauthorized intelligence, general commercial profit-seeking or broad economic intervention.",
    "Advance notice to U.S. persons in operational/managerial/supervisory positions.",
    "FY26 §430e vendor deconfliction/risk capability is an additional governance duty, not an expansion of substantive powers."
  ],
  "funding": [
    "Generated funds offset minimum necessary/reasonable secure-operation costs; excess to Treasury."
  ],
  "coordination_path": "Authorized mission → intelligence counsel/SASP coordination → CIA/FBI deconfliction → prescribed approval → audited commercial-security arrangement.",
  "availability": "Existing statutory pathway; conditional on the listed findings, approvals, eligible purpose and actual available funds. Not an obligation-ready certification.",
  "confidence": "High on express statutory capability; execution/delegation and currently available resources require program-specific confirmation.",
  "currentness": "GovInfo 2024 U.S. Code baseline read; relevant FY2026 NDAA (Pub. L. 119-60, enacted 2025-12-18) amendments reviewed. Target 2026-10-02; source-specific OLRC checks and remaining delta are documented in international.md. No certification of current funds or executed delegations. §431 initiation sunset 2028-12-31 confirmed in OLRC indexed text dated2026-09-20; FY26 new §430e direct text read, implementation deadline2026-12-18.",
  "family": "Intelligence, counterintelligence and security",
  "mechanisms": [
    "Security & information"
  ],
  "goal_ids": [
    "technology-protection"
  ],
  "office_links": [
    {
      "office_id": "usd-intelligence-security",
      "role": "planner",
      "label": "USD(I&S) PREM and Warfighter Support: requirements/resource coordination"
    },
    {
      "office_id": "ddi-prem",
      "role": "planner",
      "label": "USD(I&S) PREM and Warfighter Support: requirements/resource coordination"
    },
    {
      "office_id": "ddi-warfighter-support",
      "role": "planner",
      "label": "USD(I&S) PREM and Warfighter Support: requirements/resource coordination"
    },
    {
      "office_id": "comptrollers",
      "role": "resource_owner",
      "label": "Appropriate NIP/MIP program/resource owner and agency comptroller"
    },
    {
      "office_id": "secretary-deputy-secretary",
      "role": "approver",
      "label": "Secretary/Deputy Secretary for sensitive activities"
    },
    {
      "office_id": "combatant-commands",
      "role": "partners",
      "label": "Relevant CCMD J2 and Service intelligence staff"
    }
  ]
}